Remodernism is a philosophical art movement launched in 2000 by Stuckist founders Billy Childish and Charles Thomson, whose manifesto Remodernism called for a new spirituality in art to replace what they saw as postmodernism's cynicism and spiritual bankruptcy. Looking back to the early modernists' faith in authenticity, self-expression and the hand-made object, it proposes the revival of painting as a forward, not nostalgic, step. The idea spread quickly: a 2002 remodernism show in Albuquerque was accompanied by an essay from UC Berkeley art professor Kevin Radley, and in 2006 the Stedelijk Museum and the University of Amsterdam hosted a discussion of remodernist tendencies that framed the return of painting as a recovery of modernist autonomy against multimedia practice. Critics have since applied the term to contemporary painters reviving direct, sincere, figurative work.